2020 Redistricting Data for Michigan at the District and Block level (Prison Adjusted)

These data sets include adjustments to the population to account for prisoner reallocation based on sentencing county. The Population adjusted for returning prisoners to sentencing county is based on the block’s proportion of the county’s non-incarcerated population of the same race. For example, if block 1 has 1% of the county’s non-incarcerated white population, it receives 1% of the county’s returning white population. Those with unknown race (n=230) were excluded from the analysis. Those with unknown county (n=9) were excluded from the county data but were included in the prison data due to the data not being linked. An additional two individuals were excluded from the prison data because they were listed as being in a federal facility. This resulted in a difference of 7 fewer residents being returned. This small difference should not affect our results. 

Additionally, our estimates are adjusted based on sentencing county, as opposed to county or block of last residence, which could affect the accuracy and/or precision of the estimates. District data includes separate tabs for house and senate districts.

##Sources
Population data were retrieved from the Census Bureau, table P1 (Race) at https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=P1

2020 Redistricting Data for Michigan at the District and Block level (Prison Adjusted)

These data sets include adjustments to the population to account for prisoner reallocation based on sentencing county. The population adjusted for returning prisoners to sentencing county is based on the block’s proportion of the county’s population not incarcerated in a state facility of the same race. For example, if block 1 has 1% of the county’s non-state-incarcerated white population, it receives 1% of the county’s returning white population. Our estimates may be less precise because we only adjust for state facilities and not other levels of incarceration (e.g., local jails, federal facilities). Those with unknown race (n=230) were excluded from the analysis. Those with unknown sentencing county (n=9) were excluded from the sentencing county data but were included in the prison data due to the data not being linked. An additional two individuals were excluded from the prison data because they were listed as being in a federal facility. This resulted in a difference of 7 fewer residents being returned. This small difference should not affect our results. 

Additionally, our estimates are adjusted based on sentencing county, as opposed to county or block of last residence, which could affect the accuracy and/or precision of the estimates. District data includes separate tabs for house and senate districts.

##Sources
Population data were retrieved from the Census Bureau, table P1 (Race) at https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=P1

Prison addresses were retrieved from the Michigan Department of Corrections at https://www.michigan.gov/corrections/0,4551,7-119-68854_1381_1385---,00.html

Race by prison and race by sentencing county data were obtained through a Freedom of Information request from the Michigan DOC. 

2020 district data was obtained from Dave’s Redistricting site at https://davesredistricting.org/maps#state::MI Maps acquired on February 7, 2022. If district boundaries have changed and you want an updated analysis, we encourage you to either use the provided raw data and update the district data or contact prisongerrymandering@gmail.com and we will update the data as soon as possible.
#Processing
The population data was recoded into three race groups to align with the racial categories provided by the state:
White is white alone (p1_003n)
Black is Black or African American alone and all multiple race categories that include Black or African American (p1_004n p1_011n p1_016n p1_017n p1_018n p1_019n p1_027n p1_028n p1_029n p1_030n p1_037n p1_038n p1_039n p1_040n p1_041n p1_042n p1_048n p1_049n p1_050n p1_051n p1_052n p1_053n p1_058n p1_059n p1_060n p1_061n p1_064n p1_065n p1_066n p1_067n p1_069n p1_071n)
Other is all other race groups alone and all multiple race categories that do not include Black or African American (p1_005n p1_006n p1_007n p1_008n p1_012n p1_013n p1_014n p1_015n p1_020n p1_021n p1_022n p1_023n p1_024n p1_025n p1_031n p1_032n p1_033n p1_034n p1_035n p1_036n p1_043n p1_044n p1_045n p1_046n p1_054n p1_055n p1_056n p1_057n p1_062n p1_068n)

Prison addresses were geocoded using the census geocoder at https://geocoding.geo.census.gov/geocoder/

Census FIPs codes were used to code sentencing county. 

Variable names in the Michigan block returning data are:
blockid – Census Block ID code
district_h – 2020 house district
district_s – 2020 senate district
total – Census total population
white – Census white population
black – Census black population
other – Census other population
adjtotal – Population adjusted for returning prisoners to sentencing county
adjwhite - Population adjusted for returning white prisoners to sentencing county
adjblack – Population adjusted for returning black prisoners to sentencing county
adjother - Population adjusted for returning other prisoners to sentencing county

Variable names in the Michigan district reallocation results file are:
district_h – 2020 house district
district_s – 2020 senate district
total – Census total population
white – Census white population
black – Census black population
other – Census other population
pctwhite – Census percent white
adjtotal – Population adjusted for returning prisoners to sentencing county
adjwhite - Population adjusted for returning white prisoners to sentencing county
adjblack – Population adjusted for returning black prisoners to sentencing county
adjother - Population adjusted for returning other prisoners to sentencing county
changepop – Adjusted population minus unadjusted population
changew – Adjusted white population minus unadjusted white population 
changeb – Adjusted black population minus unadjusted black population 
changeo – Adjusted other population minus unadjusted other population 
toosmall – district is legal too small if reallocation were required
toobig – district is legally too big if reallocation were required

Summary data in the Michigan district reallocation results are:
Total pop – Adjusted total population
Target size – Adjusted total population divided by the number of districts
5% limit – Target size divided by 5%
Min size – Target size minus the 5 percent limit. Any adjusted districts smaller than the 5% limit are legally too small if reallocation were required. 
Max size – Target size plus the 5 percent limit. Any adjusted districts larger than the 5% limit are legally too big if reallocation were required.
Average impact by race - The average district size change if phantom constituents were reallocated by race/ethnicity. Negative values indicate the average person of that respective race benefits from counting phantom constituents at their correctional facility; positive values indicate the average person of that respective race is harmed by counting phantom constituents as residing in a facility elsewhere.
Average unadj% by race – Unadjusted (Census) percent of population by race

##Additional Notes
The blockid in the Michigan block returning data set is displayed as scientific notation due to the csv format. This variable should be imported as string into statistical software packages or can be transformed in the csv file by formatting the variable as a custom “000000000000000” variable.

The adjusted data may include blocks with negative numbers. This is due to a combination of factors. First, the Census’ use of “differential privacy” introduces random noise into the populations of census blocks. We cannot directly address this problem, though we note it is random and thus should, if anything, provide a more conservative estimate of the impact of prison gerrymandering than raw data would. 

Second, in many states, we did not receive the exact same data as the Census (we requested data for April 1, 2020, the day the Census gets data from every state), and this may lead to some differences in incarcerated populations. 

Less frequently, some facility addresses do not match between the Census’ group quarters populations and detailed data. Where possible, we adjusted the location to match the Census group quarters data, but in some situations, there was no population local to the facility listed in Group Quarters in the census’ data. In these cases, we have confirmed that the Census bureau does identify a facility as being in the location we identify using census block maps available at the census website (https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-maps/2020/geo/2020-census-block-maps.html). Newberry Correctional Facility is located in block 260959601003013 but the Census group quarters population for this block is 0. All negative adjusted block populations are due to identifying a prison in the block with a population larger than the Census population.  
 
This file and its associated README were created by Rory Kramer, Denise Wilson and Brianna Remster of Villanova University.